THE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER’S TOOLKIT: OPTIMAL MEASURES OF DIRECT COERSIONN AND THE COMPETENCIES TO BE DEVELOPED THROUGH TRAINING
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https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1244-3890
Abstract
This article explores the optimal set of direct coercive measures required by competent law enforcement agencies in Estonia and identifies the core competencies necessary for their lawful and effective application. The research is motivated by the evolving security landscape and the increasing need for non-police agencies to exercise direct coercion during crises. Employing document analysis of police security tactics reports (2012–2022), the study investigates which coercive measures are used most frequently, in what combinations, and under which circumstances. The findings reveal a shift from a linear to a situational model of coercion, where electroshock weapons are increasingly favoured due to their efficiency and lower risk of harm. The study highlights inconsistencies in the legal regulation of coercive measures across different agencies and calls for a more coherent and inclusive legal framework. A set of specific competencies – spanning physical force, special equipment, firearms, and de-escalation techniques – is proposed for integration into law enforcement training curricula.
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