POLICE RESOURCES THAT ARE NOT MEANT TO BE LETHAL: A CRITICAL VIEW OF POLICE PEPPER SPRAY

Abstract

This study investigates pepper spray's development, use and health risks as a police tool in Germany. The starting point is the discussion about deaths after pepper spray operations and the inadequate statistical recording of injuries and fatalities caused by pepper spray by state agencies. The authors trace the historical development of police forces, from the post-war years to the introduction of CN and CS gas to the establishment of pepper spray, referring to international models such as the USA and Austria. The focus is on assessing the effectiveness and hazard potentials of pepper spray, especially regarding the distribution of aerosol particles and their health effects on directly and indirectly affected persons. The authors criticise the lack of reliable studies on the risks in closed rooms and crosswinds, and that the health risks posed by aerosol particles are underestimated. In the empirical part, experimental analyses of the particle size and distribution of two pepper sprays used in Germany are presented for the first time. The article pleads for a differentiated and scientifically sound assessment of the health hazard potential of pepper spray in police operations and calls for better data collection and further research on the effects on those affected and bystanders.